Programming paradigms - Procedural vs Object Oriented Programming

Types of Programming paradigms

Imperative:

• an imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform to change state e.g. C, Java, Python, etc.

Declarative:

• focuses on what the program should accomplish without specifying all the details of how the program should achieve the result e.g. SQL, Lisp, etc.

Imperative

Procedural programming:

• programming paradigm that uses a sequence of steps to solve a problem.
• based on the concept of the procedure call.
• Procedures (a type of routine or subroutine) simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out.
• Any given procedure might be called at any point during a program’s execution, including by other procedures or itself.
• Think of all programming as managing the relationship between two fundamental concepts: state and behavior. State is the data of your program. Behavior is the logic.
• State is held in data structures. Behavior is held in functions (also known as procedures or subroutines). A procedural application therefore passes data structures into functions to produce some output.
• Eg: Imagine you want to transfer some money from one account to another. These are the following steps that you would take:
  • Open the source account
  • Withdraw the money
  • Open the destination account
  • Deposit the money in destination account
  • A procedural version of this program would be:

Python Procedural Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
 def transfer(source: int, destination: int, amount: int) -> None:
    source_account = get_account(source)
    update_account(source_account, -amount)
    destination_account = get_account(destination)
    update_account(destination_account, amount)

def get_account(number: int) -> dict:
    return list(filter(lambda account: account['number'] == number,accounts))[0]

def update_account(account: int, delta: int) -> None:
    account['balance'] += delta

Object Oriented Programming

• programming paradigm that uses objects to model real-world things and aims to implement state and behavior using objects.
• State and behaviour are combined into one new concept: an Object. An OO application can therefore produce some output by calling an Object, without needing to pass data structures.
• Advantages of OO include the potential for information hiding: if a caller needn’t pass any data structure, then the caller needn’t be aware of any data structure, and can therefore be completely decoupled from the data format.

Abstraction:

• process of hiding the implementation details of a program from the user.

Advantages of Abstraction

• used to create a boundary between the application and the client code.
• separate responsibilities into software entities (classes, method, etc.) that only know the required functionality of each other but not how that functionality is implemented.
• It allows the programmer to change the internal implementation of methods or concrete classes without hampering the interface.
• increase the code security as only relevant details will be provided to users.

Encapsulation:

• used to hide the values or state of a structured data object inside a class,
• preventing direct access to them by clients in a way that could expose hidden implementation details or violate state invariance maintained by the methods.

Advantages of Encapsulation:

• Hiding Data - Users will have no idea how classes are being implemented or stored. All that users will know is that values are being passed and initialized.
• More Flexibility - Enables you to set variables as read or write-only.
• Easy to Reuse - With encapsulation it’s easy to change and adapt to new requirements.

Class:

• is a blueprint which you use to create objects.

Object:

• is an instance of a class.

Java OOP Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
public class OopBankAccount {
    private Integer number;
    private Integer balance;
    
    public OopBankAccount(Integer number, Integer balance) {
        this.number = number;
        this.balance = balance;
    }
    
    void deposit(Integer amount) {
        this.balance += amount;
    }
    
    void withdraw(Integer amount) {
        this.balance += amount;
    }
    
    void transfer(OopBankAccount destination, Integer amount) {
        this.withdraw(amount);
        destination.deposit(amount);
    }
}

Python OOP Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
class OopBankAccount:
	def __init__(self, balance, number):
		self.__number = number
		self.__balance = balance

	def getNumber(self):
		return self.__number

	def setNumber(self, number):
		self.__number = number 

	def getBalance(self):
		return self.__balance

	def setBalance(self, balance):
		self.__balance = balance

	def deposit(self, amount):
		self.__balance += amount

	def withdraw(self, amount):
		self.__balance -= amount

	def transfer(self, destination, amount):
		self.withdraw(amount)
		destination.deposit(amount)

Golang Code

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
type BankAccount struct {
	AccountNumber int64
	Name          string
	Balance       float64
}

type BankAccountOps interface {
	GetAccountNumber() (int64, error)
	GetName() (string, error)
	GetBalance() (float64, error)
	Deposit(amount float64) error
	Withdraw(amount float64) error
	Transfer(destiantion *BankAccount, amount float64) error
	PrintBalance()
}

func NewBankAccount(number int64, name string, balance float64) *BankAccount {
	return &BankAccount{AccountNumber: number, Name: name, Balance: balance}
}

func (b *BankAccount) GetAccountNumber() (int64, error) {
	return b.AccountNumber, nil
}

func (b *BankAccount) GetName() (string, error) {
	return b.Name, nil
}

func (b *BankAccount) GetBalance() (float64, error) {
	return b.Balance, nil
}

func (b *BankAccount) Deposit(amount float64) error {
	b.Balance += amount
	return nil
}

func (b *BankAccount) Withdraw(amount float64) error {
	b.Balance -= amount
	return nil
}

func (b *BankAccount) Transfer(destiantion *BankAccount, amount float64) error {
	b.Withdraw(amount)
	destiantion.Deposit(amount)

	return nil
}

func (b *BankAccount) PrintBalance() {
	fmt.Println(b.AccountNumber, b.Name, b.Balance)
}

Advantages:

• Reusability: Through classes and objects, and inheritance of common attributes and functions.
• Security: Hiding and protecting information through encapsulation.
• Maintenance: Easy to make changes without affecting existing objects much.
• Inheritance: Easy to import required functionality from libraries and customize them, thanks to inheritance.

Disadvantages:

• Beforehand planning of entities that should be modeled as classes.
• OOPS programs are usually larger than those of other paradigms.
• Banana-gorilla problem - You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire jungle

These are my notes from the Low-Level Design (LLD) course I took at Scaler.

Check Python, Java and Go code on Github Repo